08文本文件编辑命令

# 文本文件编辑命令

Linux 系统中“一切都是文件”，而对服务程序进行配置自然也就是编辑程序的配置文件。

## cat

cat 命令用于查看纯文本文件（内容较少的），格式为“cat [选项] [文件]”。

Linux 系统中有多个用于查看文本内容的命令，每个命令都有自己的特点，比如这个 cat命令就是用于查看内容较少的纯文本文件的。

加上参数 -n，可以显示行号。

```linux
[root@bogon test]# cat /tmp/anaconda.log 
22:43:36,505 DEBUG anaconda: setting locale to: zh_CN.UTF-8
22:43:36,719 WARN anaconda: /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/meh/ui/gui.py:23: PyGIWarning: Gtk was imported without specifying a version first. Use gi.require_version('Gtk', '3.0') before import to ensure that the right version gets loaded.
  from gi.repository import Gtk

22:43:37,349 DEBUG anaconda: Detected primary monitor: 1280x768 95dpix 96dpiy
22:43:37,365 DEBUG anaconda: Entered hub: InitialSetupMainHub
22:43:37,519 DEBUG anaconda: Dump missing interfaces in NetworkControlBox initialize method
22:43:37,825 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, device configuration added: connection 754631f2-1fb0-4781-bf1e-d0f9ae274034 device ens33
22:43:37,838 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding connection 754631f2-1fb0-4781-bf1e-d0f9ae274034, already in list
22:43:38,031 ERR anaconda: Initialization controller for hub InitialSetupMainHub expected but missing.
22:43:48,848 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding virbr0
22:43:49,199 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding virbr0
22:43:49,237 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,251 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,265 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,283 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,301 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,301 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding connection 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273 of unsupported type
22:45:04,718 DEBUG anaconda: Entered spoke: EULAspoke
22:45:34,702 DEBUG anaconda: Left spoke: EULAspoke

[root@bogon test]# cat /tmp/anaconda.log -n
     1	22:43:36,505 DEBUG anaconda: setting locale to: zh_CN.UTF-8
     2	22:43:36,719 WARN anaconda: /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/meh/ui/gui.py:23: PyGIWarning: Gtk was imported without specifying a version first. Use gi.require_version('Gtk', '3.0') before import to ensure that the right version gets loaded.
     3	  from gi.repository import Gtk
     4
     5	22:43:37,349 DEBUG anaconda: Detected primary monitor: 1280x768 95dpix 96dpiy
     6	22:43:37,365 DEBUG anaconda: Entered hub: InitialSetupMainHub
     7	22:43:37,519 DEBUG anaconda: Dump missing interfaces in NetworkControlBox initialize method
     8	22:43:37,825 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, device configuration added: connection 754631f2-1fb0-4781-bf1e-d0f9ae274034 device ens33
     9	22:43:37,838 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding connection 754631f2-1fb0-4781-bf1e-d0f9ae274034, already in list
    10	22:43:38,031 ERR anaconda: Initialization controller for hub InitialSetupMainHub expected but missing.
    11	22:43:48,848 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding virbr0
    12	22:43:49,199 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding virbr0
    13	22:43:49,237 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
    14	22:43:49,251 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
    15	22:43:49,265 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
    16	22:43:49,283 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
    17	22:43:49,301 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
    18	22:43:49,301 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding connection 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273 of unsupported type
    19	22:45:04,718 DEBUG anaconda: Entered spoke: EULAspoke
    20	22:45:34,702 DEBUG anaconda: Left spoke: EULAspoke
[root@bogon test]#

```

‍

## more

more 命令用于查看纯文本文件（内容较多的），格式为“more [选项]文件”。

因此对于长篇的文本内容，推荐使用 more 命令来查看。more命令会在最下面使用百分比的形式来提示您已经阅读了多少内容。您还可以使用空格键或回车键向下翻页

```linux
[root@bogon test]# more /tmp/anaconda.log 
22:43:36,505 DEBUG anaconda: setting locale to: zh_CN.UTF-8
22:43:36,719 WARN anaconda: /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/meh/ui/gui.py:23: PyGIWarning: Gtk was imported without specifying a version first. Use gi.require_version('Gtk', '3.0') before import to ensure that
 the right version gets loaded.
  from gi.repository import Gtk

22:43:37,349 DEBUG anaconda: Detected primary monitor: 1280x768 95dpix 96dpiy
22:43:37,365 DEBUG anaconda: Entered hub: InitialSetupMainHub
22:43:37,519 DEBUG anaconda: Dump missing interfaces in NetworkControlBox initialize method
22:43:37,825 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, device configuration added: connection 754631f2-1fb0-4781-bf1e-d0f9ae274034 device ens33
22:43:37,838 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding connection 754631f2-1fb0-4781-bf1e-d0f9ae274034, already in list
22:43:38,031 ERR anaconda: Initialization controller for hub InitialSetupMainHub expected but missing.
22:43:48,848 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding virbr0
22:43:49,199 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding virbr0
22:43:49,237 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,251 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,265 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,283 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,301 DEBUG anaconda: network: can't find connection with uuid 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273
22:43:49,301 DEBUG anaconda: network: GUI, not adding connection 8dc5662e-3671-4304-8adc-70ff92901273 of unsupported type
22:45:04,718 DEBUG anaconda: Entered spoke: EULAspoke
```

‍

## head

head 命令用于查看纯文本文档的前 N 行，格式为“head [选项] [文件]”。

在阅读文本内容时，谁也难以保证会按照从头到尾的顺序往下看完整个文件。

```linux
[root@bogon test]# head -n 4 /tmp/anaconda.log 
22:43:36,505 DEBUG anaconda: setting locale to: zh_CN.UTF-8
22:43:36,719 WARN anaconda: /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/meh/ui/gui.py:23: PyGIWarning: Gtk was imported without specifying a version first. Use gi.require_version('Gtk', '3.0') before import to ensure that the right version gets loaded.
  from gi.repository import Gtk

[root@bogon test]#

```

‍

## tail

tail 命令用于查看纯文本文档的后 N 行或持续刷新内容，格式为“tail [选项] [文件]”。

tail 命令最强悍的功能是可以持续刷新一个文件的内容，当想要实时查看最新日志文件时，这特别有用，此时的命令格式为“tail -f 文件名”

```linux
[root@bogon test]# tail -n 1 /tmp/anaconda.log 
22:45:34,702 DEBUG anaconda: Left spoke: EULAspoke
[root@bogon test]#

```

‍

## wc

wc 命令用于统计指定文本的行数、字数、字节数，格式为“wc [参数] 文本”。

常用参数：

* l：只显示行数
* w：只显示单词数
* c：只显示字节数

```linux
[root@bogon test]# wc /tmp/anaconda.log 
  20  187 1805 /tmp/anaconda.log
[root@bogon test]# wc /tmp/anaconda.log -l
20 /tmp/anaconda.log
[root@bogon test]# wc /tmp/anaconda.log -w
187 /tmp/anaconda.log
[root@bogon test]# wc /tmp/anaconda.log -c
1805 /tmp/anaconda.log
[root@bogon test]#

```

‍

## stat

stat 命令用于查看文件的具体存储信息和时间等信息，格式为“stat 文件名称”。

stat 命令可以用于查看文件的存储信息和时间等信息，命令 stat filename 会显示出文件的三种时间状态：Access、Modify、Change。

```linux
[root@bogon test]# stat /tmp/anaconda.log 
  文件："/tmp/anaconda.log"
  大小：1805      	块：8          IO 块：4096   普通文件
设备：fd00h/64768d	Inode：17736546    硬链接：1
权限：(0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid：(    0/    root)   Gid：(    0/    root)
环境：system_u:object_r:tmp_t:s0
最近访问：2024-12-28 22:47:45.313989842 +0800
最近更改：2024-12-27 22:45:34.701999126 +0800
最近改动：2024-12-27 22:45:34.701999126 +0800
创建时间：-
[root@bogon test]#

```

‍

## cut

cut 命令用于按“列”提取文本字符，格式为“cut [参数] 文本”。

在 Linux 系统中，如何准确地提取出最想要的数据，一般而言，按基于“行”的方式来提取数据是比较简单的，只需要设置好要搜索的关键词即可。但是如果按列搜索，不仅要使用-f 参数来设置需要看的列数，还需要使用-d 参数来设置间隔符号。

passwd 在保存用户数据信息时，用户信息的每一项值之间是采用冒号来间隔的，接下来我们使用下述命令尝试提取出 passwd 文件中的用户名信息，即提取以冒号（：）为间隔符号的第一列内容

```linux
[root@bogon test]# head -n 3 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
[root@bogon test]# cut -d : -f 1 /etc/passwd
root
bin
daemon
adm
lp

```

‍

## diff

diff 命令用于比较多个文本文件的差异，格式为“diff [参数] 文件”。

在使用 diff 命令时，不仅可以使用--brief 参数来确认两个文件是否不同，还可以使用-c参数来详细比较出多个文件的差异之处，

```linux
[root@bogon test]# cat ./diff_a.txt 
xbxaq.com hackeredu 666
x
b
x
a
q
.
c
o
m
[root@bogon test]# cat ./diff_b.txt 
hackersrc and hackeredu
[root@bogon test]# diff --brief diff_a.txt diff_b.txt 
文件 diff_a.txt 和 diff_b.txt 不同
[root@bogon test]# diff -c diff_a.txt diff_b.txt 
*** diff_a.txt	2024-12-28 23:01:34.388984282 +0800
--- diff_b.txt	2024-12-28 23:02:03.129984090 +0800
***************
*** 1,10 ****
! xbxaq.com hackeredu 666
! x
! b
! x
! a
! q
! .
! c
! o
! m
--- 1 ----
! hackersrc and hackeredu
[root@bogon test]#

```

‍